Endosymbiosis Essay -- Biology Biological Papers

Endosymbiosis Endosymbiosis is the theory that eukaryotic cells were formed when a prokaryotic cell ingested some aerobic bacteria. The first step of the evolution of a eukaryotic cell is the infolding of the cellular membrane. This process takes place when the plasma membrane folds inwards and develops an envelope around a smaller prokaryotic cell. Once the smaller cell is engulfed, it becomes dependent upon its host cell. It relies on the host cell for organic molecules and inorganic compounds. However, the host cell also benefits because it has an increased output of ATP for cellular activities and becomes more productive. This ATP comes from the mitochondrion (the aerobe) that is engulfed. All eukaryotic cells contain the mitochondrion that is made through this process. However, only some of the eukaryotic cells (plant cells) form chloroplasts through endosymbiosis after the mitochondrion is formed. Some of the prokaryotic cells ingest cyanobacteria. These bacteria contain photosynthetic pigments that are useful in photosynthesis. The cyanobacteria become dependent upon the host cell and can no longer survive on its own. Over time, it becomes the chloroplast, a main organelle of plant cells. The chloroplast is then able to convert energy from the sun to energy-rich sugar molecules which are then converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP. (1) The evidence for endosymbiosis is most prevalent in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of cells. The ribosomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble that of prokaryotic ribosomes because of their similar size, 70s. Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and prokaryotes all divide by binary fission. The genome of mitochondria and chloroplasts most resemble prokaryot... ...he nucleus as well. In conclusion, the nucleus is an endosymbiont of bacteria and archaea. The host cell most likely did not come from the bacteria. The host cell, chronocyte, was not a prokaryotic cell but one that had a cytoskeleton composed of actin and tubulin and a complex membrane system. The chronocyte contributed to the end product that is the euaryotic cell. Its contributions were the cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and major intracellular control systems. (3) References 1) Prescott, Lansing. Microbiology: 6th Edition. McGraw Hill: Boston. 2002. 2) Microbe Ecology: Lecture 18. http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~bah/BIO471/Lecture18/Lecture18.html. Accessed via Internet: 26 November 2004. 3) Hartman, Hyman, and Fedorov, Alexei. The Origin of the eukaryotic cell: A genomic investigation. 5 February 2002.

Robinson Crusoe Critique

Filippo Volodin Robinson Crusoe And The New Middle Class Before analyzing Robinson Crusoe it is important to give a short background of the author of such an incredible novel. Daniel Defoe was born in 1660 and died in 1731 after a life of adventures and incredible experiences. He was raised to be very religious and his parents were strongly attached to the puritanism tendency that was spreading around Europe. These aspects and the strong education imposed by his parents will strongly influence Robinson Crusoe’s psychology.Furthermore, Defoe worked as a Merchant, Insurer and during his entire live he has been sent in prison several times for either small or serious issues. Having such an experience, Defoe strongly felt to be part of the New Middle class that was flourishing due to the new colonies and the economic boom of that period. In this way we can say that his personal experience, family education and the influence of the growing Middle class strongly gave to Defoe the im pulse to create a character such as Robinson Crusoe, who represents the typical New Middle Class person who can, using his brain and his talent, always succeed in life.Robinson Crusoe represents the prototype of the typical English Merchant, heartless and unceasingly looking for a profitable business to lead. This new type of figure continuously changes because of the unsatisfactory position it has in the society and always strives to find new ways to make profit. In fact, Robinson Crusoe reveals these characteristics, and his strong attachment to the religion, when he sells Xury to the Captain. He offer'd me also 60 Pieces of Eight more for my Boy Xury, which I was loath to take, not that I was not willing to let the Captain have him, but I was very loath to sell the poor Boy's Liberty, who had assisted me so faithfully in procuring my own. However when I let him know my Reason, he own’d it to be just, and offer’d me this Medium, that he would give the Boy an Obligati on to set him free in ten Years, if he turn’s Christian; upon this, and Xury saying he was willing to go to him, I let the Captain have him. † From this quotation powerfully comes out the strong education gave to Robinson Crusoe.Crusoe does not really care about Xury, even though he has served him loyally. This passage highlights the new situation of the Middle Class represented by Robinson Crusoe that championed individualism, seizing every single opportunity to have a personal profit, relying just on own powers and talents. Furthermore, agreeing on converting Xury into a Christian let us explicitly understand the importance of the Puritan education imposed to Defoe by his family with the consequent reflection of this approach on Robinson Crusoe, who just agrees after making sure that the Captain have to turn Xury into a â€Å"Good Christian†.Robinson Crusoe demonstrates to be the â€Å"new bourgeois-man† during his long stay at the isle. The island becom es the perfect field to completely release his middle class attitudes and the opportunity to show that he deserves to be saved by God’s providence. It is important to interpret properly the significant of the Island. Crusoe’s stay at the island has to be seen as the chance for Robinson Crusoe to prove his qualities controlling, manipulating and exploiting the Nature. Consequently, Crusoe starts to â€Å"recreate† the English society of the 18th Century, sticking to the Middle Class uses of efficiency and individuality.For instance, when Crusoe meets Friday he decides to impose him his way of living showing once again his necessity to impose the â€Å"English life style†. In fact, further on in the novel Robinson Crusoe teaches to Friday how to speak English and how to interpret the holy Bible. In the island comes out even the typical attachment to the Puritanism of the Middle Class represented by Robinson Crusoe who believed in the God’s Providence . Crusoe is convinced that God is the first cause of everything but he can change his destiny by acting following his brain and using his talents.To conclude, Defoe shows us a perfect hero who, following the Middle Class education and mentality, can face every problem and solving it using his brain and his talents. It is incredible how Defoe could impress in an unbelievable way the main aspects of the growing Middle Class. Like Robinson Crusoe demonstrates, and Defoe in first person firmly thinks, a person using his own skill and being always self aware of his possibility can emerge and always find a way to survive and succeed in life if he really wants and strives for that.

Overview of Management - 1112 Words

Running head: OVERVIEW OF MANAGEMENT Overview of Management Erminia Ponce University of Phoenix Overview of Management Kudler Fine Foods was founded by Kathy Kudler in 1998. Kathy once was a Vice President of Marketing of a defense contractor; Kathy traveled constantly and endured the pressures of corporate life. Kathy ultimately wanted something different, something less stressful and gourmet cooking seemed to relieve the stress for her so Kathy decided to embark on an opportunity on an upscale epicurean food shop in La Jolla. Kathy opened her first store in June, 1998 and within the year the store was profitable. Kathy later opened two more stores by 2003, one in Del Mar and Encinitas and now Kathy is looking at†¦show more content†¦The easily accessible Internet and the Worldwide Web revolutionized information sharing. For the first time data could be shared in real time as text, voice, graphics, and video among anyone with access to the Internet. (Gomez). Kudler’s staff also has access to the internet as well as the intranet to handle t he day to day business of Kudler. An intranet allows an organization’s employees to communicate with each other and to access company information and databases through his or her desktop or laptop computers. Firms that establish intranets or extranets need to be careful about allowing access to sensitive information. (Gomez). Employees can access the internet to arrange for packages to be picked up by UPS or the local USPS by accessing the wide-area network. Through the use of the internet Kudler has many options available, latest software, databases. Databases are the heart of information systems. (Gomez). Competition is at the core of a firm’s success or failure. One of the most well-known frameworks for analyzing competiveness is Porter’s competitive forces model. (Turban, Rainer and Porter, 2003). Each of these forces help a company identify its strengths and threats from other competitors. †¢ The threat of entry of new competitors. (Turban). – New shops are opening everyday, supply and demand. Kudler needs to keep up with the latest technology. †¢ The bargaining power of suppliers. (Turban). – Kudler needs toShow MoreRelatedAn Overview Of Inventory Management1745 Words   |  7 PagesAn Overview of Inventory Management Lijuan Wei Abstract —There are some complex and compelling challenges that global manufacturing industries should face, which includes price fluctuation, supply-chain inefficiencies and increasing customer expectations. In order to meet the demand of this economic environment, manufacturers need to find innovative, smarter ways to face those challenges. 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